The mystery of the origin of matter seems to have been solved. At the middle of last week, CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research in Geneva, announced the discovery of a new particle that could be the long sought-after Higgs boson. The particle has a mass of about 126 gigaelectron volts (GeV), roughly that of 126 protons. "Almost half a century has passed since the existence of the Higgs boson was first postulated and now it seems that we at last have the evidence we have been looking for. What we have found perfectly fits the predicted parameters of the Higgs boson," says Professor Dr. Volker Büscher of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU). The Higgs boson is important to our current fundamental theory of physics as it explains why the elementary building blocks of matter have a mass at all. Initial indications that the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) were going to lead to a breakthrough were documented in December 2011.
"We have since corroborated the recorded signal, and the new data demonstrate with a high level of significance the presence of a Higgs-like particle in the region we expected," explains Büscher.
The new evidence comes from an enormously large volume of data that has been more than doubled since December 2011. According to CERN, the LHC collected more data in the months between April and June 2012 than in the whole of 2011. In addition, the efficiency has been improved to such an extent that it is now much easier to filter out Higgs-like events from the several hundred million particle collisions that occur every second.
The data analyzed by the ATLAS detector, to which the Experimental Particle and Astroparticle Physics (ETAP) working group in Mainz made a significant contribution, found an excess of Higgs-like particles in all of the final states studied. "The rapid and yet careful analysis of the new data required a strong commitment over the recent weeks and months, and so we are especially proud to be able to announce such an exciting finding," says Dr. Christian Schmitt of the ETAP working group. At the same time, the second large particle detector of the LHC, the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), recorded events consistent with those of ATLAS and which matched precisely the footprint of the postulated Higgs boson. "We have been working towards this moment for years and are amazed that the LHC and its experiments have produced such results in only two and a half years after the first proton-proton collision," states Professor Dr. Stefan Tapprogge of the ETAP working group.
The existence of the Higgs boson was predicted in 1964 and it is named after the British physicist Peter Higgs. It is the last piece of the puzzle that has been missing from the Standard Model of physics and its function is to give other elementary particles their mass. According to the theory, the so-called Higgs field extends throughout the entire universe. The mass of individual elementary particles is determined by the extent to which they interact with the Higgs bosons. "The discovery of the Higgs boson represents a milestone in the exploration of the fundamental interactions of elementary particles," states Professor Dr. Matthias Neubert, Professor for Theoretical Elementary Particle Physics and spokesman for the Cluster of Excellence PRISMA at JGU. On the one hand, the Higgs particle is the last component missing from the Standard Model of particle physics. On the other hand, physicists are struggling to understand the detected mass of the Higgs boson. "Using our theory as it currently stands, the mass of the Higgs boson can only be explained as the result of a random fine-tuning of the physical constants of the universe at a level of accuracy of one in one quadrillion," explains Neubert.
Thus, physicists hope that the "new physics" will provide a more straightforward explanation for the characteristics of the Higgs boson than that derived from the current Standard Model. This new physics is sorely needed to find solutions to a series of yet unresolved problems, as presently only the visible universe is explained, which constitutes just four percent of total matter. "The Standard Model has no explanation for the so-called dark matter, so it does not describe the entire universe – there is a lot that remains to be understood," Büscher summarizes
.
n his article for the
July-August issue of the Bulletin, "Entangled histories: Climate science
and nuclear weapons research," University of Michigan historian Paul
Edwards notes that climate science and nuclear weapons testing have a
long and surprisingly intimate relationship. In the wake of the
Fukushima disaster, for example, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Organization tracked the radioactive plume emanating from damaged
Japanese nuclear reactors via a global network of monitoring stations
designed to measure airborne radionuclides. That network is a direct
descendant of systems and computer models created to trace the fallout
from weapons tests, Edwards explains.
But ways of tracking radiation as it moves through the atmosphere have
applications that extend far beyond the nuclear industry. Tracing
radioactive carbon as it cycles through the atmosphere, the oceans, and
the biosphere has been crucial to understanding anthropogenic climate
change.
Mathematical models with nuclear science roots have also found a place
in the environmental scientists' toolboxes. The earliest global climate
models relied on numerical methods, very similar to those developed by
nuclear weapons designers, for solving the fluid dynamics equations
needed to analyze shock waves produced in nuclear explosions.
The impacts of nuclear war on the climate represent another major
historical intersection between climate science and nuclear affairs.
Without the work done by nuclear weapons designers and testers,
scientists would know much less than they do now about the atmosphere.
In particular, this research has contributed enormously to knowledge
about both carbon dioxide, which raises Earth's temperature, and
aerosols, which lower it. Without climate models, scientists and
political leaders would not have understood the full extent of nuclear
weapons' power to annihilate not only human beings, but other species as
well.
Facilities built during the Cold War, including US national laboratories
constructed to create weapons, now use their powerful supercomputers,
expertise in modeling, and skills in managing large data sets to address
the threat of catastrophic climate change. This has benefitted the labs
themselves -- without a new direction, the argument to continue funding
these laboratories would have been less compelling -- and the science
and scientists who are studying climate change.
"Today, the laboratories built to create the most fearsome arsenal in
history are doing what they can to prevent another catastrophe – this
one caused not by behemoth governments at war, but by billions of
ordinary people living ordinary lives within an energy economy that we
must now reinvent," Edwards says.
More information: "Entangled histories: Climate science and nuclear
weapons research" by Paul N. Edwards published July 13 2012 in The
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
Journal reference: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists search and more
info website
Provided by SAGE Publications search and more info website
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
n his article for the
July-August issue of the Bulletin, "Entangled histories: Climate science
and nuclear weapons research," University of Michigan historian Paul
Edwards notes that climate science and nuclear weapons testing have a
long and surprisingly intimate relationship. In the wake of the
Fukushima disaster, for example, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Organization tracked the radioactive plume emanating from damaged
Japanese nuclear reactors via a global network of monitoring stations
designed to measure airborne radionuclides. That network is a direct
descendant of systems and computer models created to trace the fallout
from weapons tests, Edwards explains.
But ways of tracking radiation as it moves through the atmosphere have
applications that extend far beyond the nuclear industry. Tracing
radioactive carbon as it cycles through the atmosphere, the oceans, and
the biosphere has been crucial to understanding anthropogenic climate
change.
Mathematical models with nuclear science roots have also found a place
in the environmental scientists' toolboxes. The earliest global climate
models relied on numerical methods, very similar to those developed by
nuclear weapons designers, for solving the fluid dynamics equations
needed to analyze shock waves produced in nuclear explosions.
The impacts of nuclear war on the climate represent another major
historical intersection between climate science and nuclear affairs.
Without the work done by nuclear weapons designers and testers,
scientists would know much less than they do now about the atmosphere.
In particular, this research has contributed enormously to knowledge
about both carbon dioxide, which raises Earth's temperature, and
aerosols, which lower it. Without climate models, scientists and
political leaders would not have understood the full extent of nuclear
weapons' power to annihilate not only human beings, but other species as
well.
Facilities built during the Cold War, including US national laboratories
constructed to create weapons, now use their powerful supercomputers,
expertise in modeling, and skills in managing large data sets to address
the threat of catastrophic climate change. This has benefitted the labs
themselves -- without a new direction, the argument to continue funding
these laboratories would have been less compelling -- and the science
and scientists who are studying climate change.
"Today, the laboratories built to create the most fearsome arsenal in
history are doing what they can to prevent another catastrophe – this
one caused not by behemoth governments at war, but by billions of
ordinary people living ordinary lives within an energy economy that we
must now reinvent," Edwards says.
More information: "Entangled histories: Climate science and nuclear
weapons research" by Paul N. Edwards published July 13 2012 in The
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.
Journal reference: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists search and more
info website
Provided by SAGE Publications search and more info website
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
Nuclear weapons testing may
at first glance appear to have little connection with climate change
research. But key Cold War research laboratories and the science used to
track radioactivity and model nuclear bomb blasts have today been
repurposed by climate scientists. The full story appears in The Bulletin
of the Atomic Scientists.
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
Nuclear weapons testing may
at first glance appear to have little connection with climate change
research. But key Cold War research laboratories and the science used to
track radioactivity and model nuclear bomb blasts have today been
repurposed by climate scientists. The full story appears in The Bulletin
of the Atomic Scientists.
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
Nuclear weapons testing may
at first glance appear to have little connection with climate change
research. But key Cold War research laboratories and the science used to
track radioactivity and model nuclear bomb blasts have today been
repurposed by climate scientists. The full story appears in The Bulletin
of the Atomic Scientists.
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
Nuclear weapons testing may
at first glance appear to have little connection with climate change
research. But key Cold War research laboratories and the science used to
track radioactivity and model nuclear bomb blasts have today been
repurposed by climate scientists. The full story appears in The Bulletin
of the Atomic Scientists.
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2012-07-nuclear-weapons-contribution-climate-science.html#jCp
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