Hunt for physics' holy grail

From the NZHerald.co.nz: Hunt for physics' holy grail
The US$10 billion ($12.58 billion) particle accelerator has operated for a year, generating billions of pieces of data in the hunt for the Higgs boson, nature's building block. But it hasn't been found and scientists are running out of places to look.

For almost 20 years, Bill Murray has been hunting for the elusive subatomic particle that is thought to give mass to the basic building blocks of nature.

In those two decades, the 45-year-old Edinburgh-born researcher has watched the search for the holy grail of physics narrow to a tight group of targets - a process of elimination that has peaked over the past 12 months with the start-up of the Large Hadron Collider at Cern, the European particle physics laboratory.

An avalanche of nuclear collisions - created by beams of high-energy protons smashing together - have been generated. But no trace of the Higgs - the so-called "God particle" - has been found in the resulting nuclear debris.

Only a very narrow range of Higgs targets are now left - and some scientists are beginning to get twitchy, including Murray.

"In 1993, I got a job by telling people that I wanted to find the Higgs," he says. "It is only in the last month that I have started to think that it might not exist after all."

Murray is not alone.

"In the last year, we have eliminated most energy ranges that could contain the Higgs," says Sergio Bertolucci, Cern's director of research.

"It is like pumping water out of a pond. We have virtually emptied the pond and have only a couple of muddy puddles left in which to find the Higgs. If it is not there, we will have to admit it does not exist."

Physics has clearly reached a dramatic juncture. In the next few months, the Higgs boson - the last major particle in the standard model, the current theory of subatomic physics, that has still to be observed - will either be found or its existence disproved.

Theoreticians will be shown to be right and will earn Nobel prizes. Or their work will have been demonstrated as being wrong - accepted science will be overturned, forcing scientists to devise some new and exciting theory to explain why objects - and humans - have mass.

Not surprisingly, these prospects are having a profound effect on the 10,000 scientists who work at Cern; a jumble of office blocks, laboratories and meeting halls outside Geneva.

Data is pouring from the collider beneath their feet. But which group will be first to make sense of that information is unclear. Hence the buzz around the centre, an effect that is particularly noticeable in its large, neon-lit cafeteria which, day and night, is filled with shifts of technicians, researchers and theoreticians.

Seated at long tables, earnest young researchers swig beer and argue over the minutiae of particle physics. Some fiddle with their laptops, others scribble on notepads. Many gaze at huge plasma screens that display details of the behaviour of the collider's particle beams.

"The tensions that are being created inside the experiments are now very serious," admits Murray, who acts as Higgs convenor for the Atlas experiment group.

"There are certainly plenty of intense verbal discussions going on."

The Higgs particle was postulated by a group of physicists - who included Peter Higgs of Edinburgh University - in 1964 to explain how other subatomic particles have mass. The theory hypothesises a sort of lattice, referred to as the Higgs field, that fills the universe. A particle moving through this field creates distortion, in the form of a boson, and that lends mass to the particle.

The idea was accepted, grudgingly, by scientists - despite a lack of evidence to support it. The problem was the absence of any means to create energetic enough collisions to create a heavy particle like the Higgs.

Finding the Higgs was one reason - but certainly not the only one - for spending around £5 billion ($9.9 billion) to build the Large Hadron Collider, an instrument built on the scale of London's Circle line but constructed to an accuracy of a billionth of a metre.

It has now been running perfectly for the past year, generating five times more data than expected.

When its beams of protons smash together, billions of collisions are produced every second - spraying particle debris through dense layers of detectors.

"It is the job of our computers to retain details of the interesting collisions and only the interesting ones," says Pierluigi Campana, spokesman for the LHCb, one of the collider's main experiments.

Details of about 3000 events a second are retained.

And somewhere in this great inventory of digital signals - which are distributed weekly to computing centres round the world - lies the secret of the Higgs boson.

"Every week, we collect data from about 75 million potentially interesting collisions," says Guido Tonelli, spokesman for CMS, another of the collider's main experiments.

"First we validate that data. Then we release it to physicists so that they can try to spot signs of a Higgs or another interesting particle.

"Occasionally, they find an interesting anomaly, so we call all the groups together - and we try to kill it. In other words, we try to show that any anomalous result is a product of a software error or a glitch.

"Only when such a result survives this scrutiny do we accept that we are on to something. To date, no sign of a Higgs boson has survived that scrutiny."

The Higgs hunt therefore rests on the business of disproof. Thousands of scientists, working with one of the world's most sophisticated devices, have laboured like this for the past year.

"Matter and energy are interchangeable and we measure subatomic particles in terms of their energy," says Fabiola Gianotti, head of Cern's Atlas experiment.

"Once we study more and more observations, the subtle behaviour of the Higgs will eventually be revealed, I believe."

In general, most Cern scientists agree. Certainly, Murray remains confident.

"My wife Hazel has put a bottle of champagne aside for the day we find the Higgs. I still believe that by this time next year I will have opened that bottle."

Collision course

The Large Hadron Collider will run on full power next year.

Two sets of scientists at Cern are competing to find the Higgs. One is involved with the Atlas experiment, the other runs the CMS project.

Both labs are based in a 27km circular tunnel built below the French-Swiss border. This is the Large Hadron Collider.

Subatomic particles called protons are accelerated in both directions, and at the Atlas and CMS sites these beams cross over and smash into each other. The resulting collisions generate new types of particles, including - possibly - the Higgs. These pop fleetingly into existence before disintegrating.

The greater the energy generated by a collider, the bigger are the particles it creates. And most predictions suggest the Higgs is relatively big, hence scientists' past failure to produce them.

At present, the LHC's beams are running at half power. Next year, the machine will run at full power and should be able to produce the elusive particles, if they exist.